Introduction
Although it is much more than hype, DevOps is one of the hottest phrases in technology right now. In order to provide a product more quickly and effectively, the development and operations teams collaborate with each other. DevOps Engineer job listings have significantly increased during the last few years. Multiple open openings for DevOps engineer Experts are routinely available at multinational corporations like Google, Facebook, and Amazon. Although the employment market is extremely competitive, a DevOps engineer interview might cover a wide range of difficult topics. If you've begun to train for development and operations responsibilities in the IT sector, you are aware that it is a difficult field that will require serious training to break into.
The most important thing to realize is that DevOps is a way of thinking and culture, not just a set of technology. Operations and development must be combined, and DevOps calls for a connected toolchain of tools to support cooperative transformation. The use of DevOps as well as the bandwidth needed to adapt and collaborate varies from company to business because the DevOps philosophy is still in its very early stages. DevOps abilities, on the other hand, can make you a fantastic candidate for any kind of firm.
Pre-Requisites For DevOps Engineer
Organizations look for a defined set of competencies when hiring for DevOps roles. Below are the pre-requisites for DevOps Engineer:
- Knowledge of infrastructure automation programs like Windows PowerShell DSC, Chef, Puppet, Ansible, or SaltStack.
- Proficiency with web-related languages such as Ruby, Python, PHP, or Java.
- Interpersonal abilities that facilitate communication and teamwork across jobs and teams.
General DevOps Interview Questions and Answers
Questions that are unrelated to any specific DevOps step go under this category. Instead of focusing on a specific stage or tool, these questions are designed to assess your knowledge of DevOps.
1. What is DevOps?
Interviewers often ask about "What is DevOps". In brief, Software development and IT teams can automate and integrate their processes with the use of a set of methods, tools, and organizational principles called "DevOps." It places a strong emphasis on technology automation, cross-team communication, and team empowerment.
Software development and IT teams can automate and integrate their processes with the use of a set of methods, tools, and organizational principles called "DevOps." It places a strong emphasis on technology automation, cross-team communication, and team empowerment.
Your response must be clear-cut and easy to understand. Start by describing how DevOps is becoming more and more crucial in the IT sector. In order to accelerate the delivery of software products with a low failure rate, explain how such a strategy tries to synchronize the efforts of the development and operations teams. Include a description of how DevOps is a practice that adds value in which development and operations engineers collaborate throughout the lifespan of a product or service, from the point of design to the point of deployment.
2. What do you know about DevOps?
Your response must be clear-cut and easy to understand. Start by describing how DevOps is becoming more and more crucial in the IT sector. In order to accelerate the delivery of software products with a low failure rate, explain how such a strategy tries to synchronize the efforts of the development and operations teams. Include a description of how DevOps is a practice that adds value in which development and operations engineers collaborate throughout the lifespan of a product or service, from the point of design to the point of deployment.
3. Why do we need DevOps?
The answer to this question must begin by outlining the broad market trend. Companies are attempting to determine whether tiny features may be delivered to their customers through a succession of release trains rather than delivering large sets of features. This provides several benefits, such as quick customer feedback, higher software quality, etc., which ultimately results in great customer satisfaction. In order to do this, businesses must:
- Increase the number of deployments
- Fewer new releases fail than they did
- Lowered the gap between fixes
- Shorter mean time to recovery in the event of a crashing new release
4. Name some of the most popular DevOps tools?
Some of the most popular DevOps tools are:
- Selenium
- Ansible
- Docker
- Git
- Chef
- Puppet
- Jenkins
There are two options for the second component of the response: There are two options for the second component of the response:
- If you are familiar with all of the aforementioned tools, you can state that I have worked on all of them to make it simple, regular, and reliable to develop high-quality software and deliver it.
- If you have only used a few of the above-mentioned tools, mention those ones and add, "I have a specialty in these tools and have a general understanding of the other tools."
5. How does most of these above-mentioned tools works?
There is a flow where almost everything gets automated just to get seamless delivery whereas this flow may vary according to the requirements of different organizations.
- The source code is created by developers and is managed by version control system tools like Git, etc.
- Developers upload the source code to a Git repository, where any modifications are committed.
- Jenkins uses the Git plugin to retrieve this code from the repository, then builds it with Ant or Maven.
- Jenkins then publishes this code to the test environment where testing is conducted using tools like Selenium, using configuration management technologies like a puppet to deploy and configure the testing environment.
- Jenkins sends the code for deployment on the production server after it has been tested (even the production server is provisioned & maintained by tools like a puppet).
- And after the deployment it gets monitored by tools like Nagios.
- Also docker containers provide testing environments so that build features can get tested easily.
6. Mention some of the major advantages of DevOps.
Some of the major technical advantages of DevOps are given below:
- Delivery of the software is Continuous.
- A minimum number of problems.
- Provides better and faster correction of defects.
- DevOps provides business advantages like:
- It provides faster delivery of the features.
- Operating system environment is stable.
- It provides more time to add value.
7. What are some of the core benefits of DevOps?
It provides faster development of software and provides quick deliveries.
- The DevOps methodology is versatile and quickly responsive to changes.
- The higher product quality reduces project misunderstanding when compared to earlier software development techniques.
- The communication gap between the development team and the operation team is filled. In other words, there is now more miscommunication between the teams.
- Continuous integration and continuous deployment can be automated to boost efficiency.
- Increased customer satisfaction.
8. What is the most crucial goal DevOps enables us to accomplish?
The most important thing DevOps provides is that it helps us to proceed with changes as soon as possible while minimizing the risk in software quality assurance and compliance. This is the main and primary objective of DevOps.
However, DevOps also has a number of other advantages. For instance, improved teamwork and clearer communication allow the Operation and Development teams to work together to develop high-quality software, which in turn boosts customer happiness.
9. What are some different phases in DevOps?
The following are the different stages of the DevOps lifecycle:
- Plan - Prior to beginning, a sort of application development project should have a plan in place. It's always wise to get a general grasp of the development process.
- Code-Application code has been written to meet the needs of the end user.
- Build - Create the program by combining the numerous codes that were created in the earlier steps.
- Test-The most important stage of developing an application is the test. If required, test the program and recompile it.
- Integrate: To combine several program codes into a single one.
- Deploy - To be used later, code is placed into a cloud environment. It is made sure that any fresh adjustments won't interfere with a popular website's functionality.
10. What is the main difference between continuous delivery and continuous deployment?
Continuous Delivery |
Continuous deployment |
Here code can be safely deployed. |
Here all of the changes that pass through an automatic test get deployed automatically. |
It ensures business applications and services. |
It makes software development and the process of release faster and more robust. |
It delivers every change to a production environment by automating testing it. |
There is no express developer approval, so a culture of monitoring must be established. |
Intermediate DevOps Interview Question and Answers
11. Which of the following git command download any repository from GitHub to your computer?
The Git command that can download any of the repositories from GitHub directly to your computer is git clone.
12. How we can define the difference between git fetch and git pull.
|
Git fetch |
Git pull |
|
It downloads new data directly from
a remote repository. |
It updates the current HEAD branch
with the latest changes directly from the remote server. |
|
It does not integrate any new data
into your working files. |
Firstly it downloads the new data and
then integrates it with all of the current files. |
|
Users can run Git fetch to update
the remote-tracking branches |
It merges remote changes with the
local one. |
|
Git Fetch command- git fetch origin |
Git pull command- git pull origin master |
13. How you can explain Git stash?
While working on a branch, a developer wants to switch to another branch to work on something different but doesn't want to make modifications to your incomplete work. Git stash is the answer to this problem. Git stash puts your updated tracked files on a stack of incomplete changes that you can apply again whenever you want.
14. What are some basic Git commands?
|
Git Commands |
Purpose |
|
Git init |
When you need to start a new
repository. |
|
git config - git config
–global user.name “[name]” git config
–global user.email “[email address]” |
Username and email can be set of
whom the commits belong. |
|
git clone <repository path> |
A local copy of an existing
repository. |
|
git add - git add
<file names separated by commas> git add |
Add one or more files to the
staging area. |
|
git status |
It lists out all of the files that
are to be committed. |
15. Describe the Git branching idea?
Let's say you are developing an application and you want to give it new functionality. The new feature can be built on a new branch that you establish.
- You always work on the master branch by default.
- Different branch commits are represented by the circles on the branch.
- You can merge it with the main branch once you have finished all the changes.
16. Are there any technical challenges with selenium?
- It solely supports web-based programs.
- Bitmap comparison is not supported.
- Unlike commercial technologies like HP UFT, Selenium does not offer vendor support.
- Maintainability of objects becomes extremely complicated because there is no concept of an object repository.
17. When you should use the selenium grid?
To achieve distributed test execution, it can be used to run the same or different test scripts concurrently across a variety of platforms and browsers. It enables testing in various settings while dramatically reducing execution time.
18. How will you secure Jenkins?
Jenkins can be protected in the following ways:
- Make sure that global security is activated.
- Verify that a suitable plugin has been used to integrate Jenkins with the company's user directory.
- To fine-tune access, ensure that the Project matrix is activated.
- Create a unique version-controlled script to automate Jenkins's rights and privileges configuration process.
- Impose physical restrictions on Jenkins data or files.
- Conduct security audits as needed.
19. What are Jenkins Pipeline and CI/CD Pipeline?
Jenkins Continuous Delivery Pipeline can be implemented and integrated using a set of plugins collectively known as Jenkins Pipeline.
Build, deploy, test, and release make up the continuous integration or continuous delivery pipeline. The pipeline feature is quite efficient. In other words, a pipeline is a collection of construction jobs that are integrated and chained together in a particular order.
20. What are Puppet Manifests?
The configuration information for each Puppet Node or Puppet Agent is stored in the Puppet Master in the native Puppet language. These details are known as puppet manifests and are expressed in a language the puppet can comprehend. These manifests have the .pp file extension and are written in Puppet code.
For instance, we can use the Puppet Master to generate a manifest that installs Apache and creates a file on every Puppet Agent or slave that is linked to the Puppet Master.
Advanced DevOps Interview Question and Answers
21. Define How does Ansible Works?
Ansible is a free automation tool that may be installed on two different kinds of servers:
- Operating machinery
- Nodes
Ansible does not need to be installed on any remote nodes because it is an agentless tool. Therefore, no background apps are required to run while it manages any nodes.
Ansible Playbooks enable it to manage numerous nodes from a single system over an SSH connection. Playbooks are YAML files that have the ability to perform several tasks.
22. Why should you use Ansible?
Ansible can assist with:
- Implementation Management
- Application Launching
- Automating Work
23. What do handlers do in Ansible?
Similar to regular tasks in an Ansible Playbook, handlers in Ansible are only executed when a task contains the 'notify' directive. When a handler is invoked by another job, it is triggered.
24. Why you should use Nagios?
We can receive a full monitoring service from Nagios for our HTTP servers and protocols. Here are a few advantages of using Nagios for efficient HTTP monitoring:
Increased server, service, and application availability is possible.
- It is possible to identify protocol errors and network breakdowns immediately.
- Monitoring user experience is possible.
- Performance on web servers can be tracked.
- Transactions on the web can be observed.
- URLs may be watched
25. What does a Kubernetes namespace mean?
In Kubernetes, namespaces are a means to allocate cluster resources to various users. In other words, it is helpful when a cluster is being used by multiple teams or users, which could result in name collisions.
26. What is the role of AWS in DevOps?
Following are some of configuration management's main benefits:
- We can control the setups of many systems thanks to it.
- It enables us to uniformly configure every system in a cluster.
- It aids in the management and administration of the architecture's numerous servers.
27. What is the role of Configuration Management in DevOps?
In DevOps, AWS serves as a cloud service provider and plays the following roles:
- Flexible services: AWS offers us resources for implementation that are ready to use.
- To scale: Depending on the situation, we can set up thousands of machines on AWS.
- Automation: Using a variety of services, AWS enables us to automate processes.
- Security: We can secure our deployments and builds using its security settings (IAM).
28. In Chef why do we use SSL certificates?
In order to make sure that each node has access to the correct data, SSL certificates are necessary between the client and the Chef server. The public key pair of each node is kept on the Chef server at the time an SSL certificate is given to the server. The server then grants access to the necessary data after comparing this against the node's public key for identification.
29. Name some cloud platforms that support Docker?
Some cloud platforms that support Docker are:
- Amazon Web Services
- Rackspace
- Google Cloud Platform
- Microsoft Azure
30. Where we can use Dockerfile?
- When using the build command to produce Docker images, a Dockerfile is used.
- Any user can run the code to produce Docker containers using a Docker image.
- A Docker image is created and then posted to a Docker registry.
- Users can download the Docker image and create new containers whenever they wish from the Docker registry.
- So, these were some important DevOps Interview Questions and answers that will help you crack your DevOps interview.
- All the best for your future endeavors!
